No Respect for Women in Afghanistan in the Novel A...

Through their bravery and hope, Mariam and Laila demonstrated what little rights women had in Afghanistan, between the 1960s and 2000s. The Taliban army and husbands treated women horribly and showed them absolutely no respect. They were two examples of the many women that were fighting for their rights. They were fed up with the constant beating. They could not stand being treated like dogs anymore. So one day they stood up to their husband and fought back. This is great example of two strong female roles. This books demonstrates the courage and strength some women gained from the harsh treatment. This book might encourage other women to stand up for what they believe in and not just sit around and watch. Mariam and Laila were not going to let people stomp on their faces. They stood up for themselves in hope for freedom. After all that they had fought for, it soon paid off when they killed Rasheed and were finally free from him. A Thousand Splendid Suns takes place in Afghanistan between the 1960s and the early 2000s. Mariam, a young girl, was born in the outskirts of Herat with Nana, her mother. Mariam’s father, Jahil, is a wealthy businessman that has three wives and nine children. Jahil impregnated Nana when she used to housekeep for them. Embarrassed by both Miriam and Nana, he bought them a small kolba in the middle of no where and visits Mariam every thursday. On Miriams fifteenth birthday she request to go see Pinocchio at the cinema with her

Definition and Examples of Display Question

A display question is a type of rhetorical question to which the questioner already knows the answer. Also called a  known information question. Different from erotesis questions, display questions are often used for instructional purposes. Theyre used to determine if students are able to display their knowledge of factual content. Examples and Observations So as I have just demonstrated, children, he was saying now, grass is very nice to sit on, but be careful because it can tickle. Now,  can anyone tell me  the name of this handsome creature over here?Is it a rhino, sir? said a girl called Caroline.Very close, Caroline, said Alan Taylor kindly. Actually, it is known as an ant. Now who can tell me—(Andy Stanton,  Mr. Gum and the Cherry Tree. Egmont, 2010)In 1930, the Republican-controlled House of Representatives, in an effort to alleviate the effects of the--anyone? anyone?—the Great Depression, passed the--anyone? anyone? The tariff bill? The Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act? Which, anyone? Raised or lowered? Raised tariffs in an effort to collect more revenue for the federal government. Did it work? Anyone? Anyone know the effects? It did not work, and the United States sank deeper into the Great Depression. Today we have a similar debate over this. Anyone know what this is? Class? Anyone? Anyone? Anyone seen this before? (Ben Stein as the economics teacher in Ferris Buellers Day Off, 1986)The [drivers education] class was taught by an old and embittered veteran of the New York City public school system who had the looks and the attitude of, come to think of it, me these days. His form of instruction was Socratic, relentlessly so.What is the purpose of the steering wheel? he asked.The elderly Jewish ladies looked at their shoes. The Chinese stared into space. The black guys continued slanging each other.What is the purpose of the steering wheel? the teacher asked again and got the same response. . . .And so it went for a month and a half. The teacher asked a painfully simple question. Nobody said anything. The teacher repeated the painfully simple question. Nobody said anything.(P.J. ORourke, Driving Like Crazy. Atlantic Monthly Press, 2009) The Purpose of Display Questions Something that the media interview and the classroom interaction have in common is the use of display questions. . . . The purpose of a display question is to put knowledge or information on public display. In the classroom, this is an important way of transmitting and testing knowledge for teachers and students. In these display question situations such as classrooms and quizzes, the questioner follows up the answer by stating whether it is the correct one or not. However, in media interviews, . . . the follow up is very often left to the listener or viewer.(Anne OKeeffe, Michael McCarthy, and Ronald Carter, From Corpus to Classroom: Language Use and Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007) The Lighter Side of Display Questions Texas Ranger: The teacher asked me what was the capital of North Carolina. I said Washington, D.C.Cal Naughton, Jr.: Bingo.Ricky Bobby: Nice.Texas Ranger: She said, No, youre wrong. I said, You got a lumpy butt. She got mad at me and yelled at me and I pissed in my pants and I never did change my pee-pants all day. Im still sitting in my dirty pee-pants.Cal Naughton, Jr.: I wet my bed until I was nineteen. Theres no shame in that.(Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby, 2006)

Medical School Should Be A Medical Program - 834 Words

There are thousands universities/colleges in the United States that have a medical school/program. For those students interested in going into the medical field, deciding on what college to attend can be very tricky. Students always want to attend the best university out there, but that isn’t always the easiest decision because of certain road blocks. For example, those who live in Arizona have the chance to go to U of A; there is also the opportunity to go to U of W (University of Washington). While both schools have a medical program, the University of Washington has more to offer Arizonian students than the University of Arizona. When students are looking into the medical school they should attend, they should look into the school’s rank. According to Carleen Eaton, author of Getting into Medical School For Dummies, one of the factors that students should consider is the medical school rank. After the required years of undergrad and medical school are complete, students will have to go begin their residency. The school’s ranking can help in that. According to the U.S.News and World Report Education, UW is ranked â€Å"#1 Best Medical Schools: Primary Care† and â€Å"#8 Best Medical Schools: Research,† while U of A is ranked â€Å"#63 Best Medical Schools: Research,† and #74 Best Medical Schools: Primary Care†. Eaton says that going to a â€Å"big-name medical school† can help when it’s time to enter residency, and UW is named the number one best medical schools: primary care and U of A isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Gender Inequality in Medical School1718 Wor ds   |  7 Pagesstereotypes within medical schools and health institutions across America. For centuries women have faced the challenge of gender inequality within their medical education and profession. Different medical fields in schools, practices and institutions have different types of gender issues. 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Night Creature Dark Moon Chapter Seventeen Free Essays

â€Å"Elise!† Edward’s voice. What had I said about being doomed? The back exit was only a few steps away. The rear of the cabin stood very close to the forest, a convenience I hadn’t noticed until now. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Seventeen or any similar topic only for you Order Now I tried to brush past Edward, reach the out-of-doors, where I could give in to the change pulsing in my blood like a full moon pulsing in the sky. Edward would keep Nic here; I could disappear out there. At least until Nic went away. But Edward caught my arm, held on tight. He was strong for an old man but not stronger than me. Still, I had been raised never to hurt him, to obey him, so I paused and looked into his face. He flinched when he saw my wolf eyes. â€Å"What is going on?† â€Å"Yes,† Nic said from the bedroom. â€Å"What’s going on?† Edward’s face darkened, and he reached for his gun. â€Å"No,† I said, and my voice rumbled between human and wolf. â€Å"Elise?† Nic asked, stepping forward. â€Å"Stay back.† I should not be losing control; the full moon was days away. Even then, I could control myself better than this. I’d thought having sex hadn’t changed me, but maybe it had. â€Å"What is he doing here?† Edward demanded. I didn’t answer. Wasn’t it obvious he’d been doing me? â€Å"Fool,† Edward spat. â€Å"You have no idea what giving in to such urges might cause you to become. Was the experience worth dying for?† I wasn’t going to answer that since I kind of thought that it was – a fact I should never admit to Edward Mandenauer, who’d be happy to oblige, â€Å"What’s he yammering about, Elise?† Edward drew his sidearm. I put myself between him and Nic, but I needn’t have bothered. He pressed the barrel to the base of my throat. â€Å"Outside.† Edward shoved me toward the back door. I tripped over the trailing blanket. â€Å"You as well, Mr. Franklin.† Nic came without argument. He had to believe both Edward and I had lost our minds. The moon spilled from the sky, cool, welcoming, lopsided. The wind lifted my hair. I smelled the forest, the earth, and I was drawn to them. I wanted to run through the trees, feel the breeze in my fur, chase something small and furry, catch it and taste its blood. Usually, I found such thoughts disgusting. Tonight I was tempted. I’d taken one step toward the woods when Edward’s voice made me pause. â€Å"Prove you haven’t given your soul to evil by giving your body to him.† â€Å"What in hell are you talking about?† Nic snapped. â€Å"Is he nuts?† â€Å"You know what you must do,† Edward murmured, ignoring Nic. â€Å"Show me.† I shook my head, confused. â€Å"Shift and follow instructions,† he whispered in my ear. â€Å"Change and do not kill.† â€Å"No problem.† I started for the forest once more. He yanked me back and pressed the gun to my spine. I growled, low and threatening. â€Å"Behave yourself!† He jabbed me harder. â€Å"Change here. Now. For him and for me.† â€Å"No.† His sigh revealed his impatience. â€Å"There are two ways to ascertain he departs and does not return. Your way, or mine. Choose.† Edward’s way was death – always had been. Mine? Easy. If I showed Nic my true nature, he would run. He’d live – there was my reward. But best of all, if he told anyone what he’d seen, they wouldn’t believe him. A win-win situation. Edward’s specialty. I glanced at Nic from beneath the curtain of my hair. His expression reflected both fury and confusion. He had no idea what he’d stepped into when he’d insisted on accompanying me to Fairhaven. If he stayed he’d be in danger from every monster, alive or dead, if they found out I loved him. I really didn’t have much choice. I moved into the silver glow from the sky. Spreading my arms wide, I threw back my head. Opening my mind, I let in the moon. The power was a blinding white light pouring through me. I heard things no man could hear, saw worlds beyond imagination, caught the scent of wolves that couldn’t be real, heard them, too, like a ghostly pack circling through the sky. The moon filled me, caressed me, changed me. The bedspread fell away as I became a wolf. Strength, speed, agility were mine. â€Å"The perfect animal,† Edward murmured. â€Å"People brain, wolf body. They are very hard to kill.† I opened my eyes, and the first thing I saw was Nic. He’d fallen to the ground. His chest was heaving, and I feared he’d gotten sick, but he was merely trying to catch some air so he wouldn’t faint. I couldn’t blame him. Not every day do you see a woman become a wolf. He took it pretty well. â€Å"How?† he managed, then lifted his head. I’d crept closer, and when he looked up, his nose nearly brushed my snout. He cringed, confusion flowing over his face. â€Å"Sign of a werewolf.† Edward’s voice was far too jolly. â€Å"Human eyes. Makes the phrase ‘never shoot until you see the whites’ actually mean something, jawohl.† I turned in his direction and snarled. Edward laughed. Nic skittered backward and to his feet. His hand reached for a gun that wasn’t there, and my heart cracked just a little. I hadn’t realized until that moment I’d been hoping he could see the true me and not care. His arm fell to his side. † Jger-Suchers don’t hunt rabid wolves at all,† he murmured. â€Å"Nein.† â€Å"Then what?† â€Å"Werewolves. Among other things.† For Nic, curiosity seemed to be taking the place of concern. However, I wanted to be a sideshow freak even less than I wanted to be a demon-possessed horror. † She’s a werewolf.† â€Å"Elise is a special case. The only – â€Å" I woofed once. â€Å"Oh, him.† Edward shrugged, his expression reflecting his lack of enthusiasm in the matter. â€Å"Elise and Damien are the only werewolves in their division.† â€Å"Damien,† Nic murmured. â€Å"Didn’t see that coming.† â€Å"Neither did Leigh.† Edward’s tone was no longer amused. â€Å"It was most disturbing.† â€Å"I’ll bet. What did you mean by ‘other things’?† â€Å"Different monsters, different needs, different divisions.† â€Å"Different monsters?† Nic’s face appeared a little green. I whimpered. â€Å"I’m okay,† he said. â€Å"What kind of monsters?† â€Å"Anything that you can imagine and many that you cannot.† â€Å"You’re sure you’re not in the FBI?† Nic asked. â€Å"X-file division?† â€Å"What is this ‘X-file’ I am always hearing about?† Edward glanced at me, but I was in no condition to explain. â€Å"Television show,† Nic said absently. â€Å"You probably wouldn’t like it.† â€Å"No doubt. Television is an immense waste of time.† Edward’s sources of amusement were few – guns, bullets, and death. What a life. Mine hadn’t been much better. Serums, antidotes, and werewolves. Oh, my. â€Å"Why are you telling me this?† Nic asked. â€Å"You planning to kill me?† â€Å"Of course not, Mr. Franklin.† Both Nic and I let out a long sigh of relief, which ended with Edward’s next words. â€Å"I plan to let her do it.† Silence settled over the yard, lengthening uncomfortably. Edward laughed. â€Å"Just kidding.† I emitted a low, rumbling growl, and his expression became one of mock surprise. â€Å"But you are always telling me I need to grow a sense of humor.† â€Å"You still do,† Nic said. â€Å"And therein lies the trouble. Humor is so subjective.† I considered knocking Edward to the ground and sitting on his chest – werewolf humor. However, he’d be more likely to blow my head off with silver than laugh. Humor certainly was subjective. â€Å"I do not plan to kill you, Mr. Franklin. As Elise has pointed out on several occasions, killing people who annoy me can be more trouble than it’s worth. A dead FBI agent would be the height of trouble, I think.† â€Å"Then why are you telling me this?† Nic repeated. â€Å"No one will believe you.† â€Å"They will if I – â€Å" â€Å"What? Bring them Elise? You’d subject her to the questions, the government, the press? What about the tests, the injections, the blood work?† Nic’s eyes narrowed, and he muttered, â€Å"Bastard,† so low only I could hear. Then his head tilted, as if he’d caught a whiff of something interesting. I could almost see the idea popping up in his head like a lightbulb as he turned to me. â€Å"What were you up to in that secret compound, Dr. Frankenstein?† I blinked. He believed I was manufacturing monsters? I was suddenly tired of the questions, the secrets, the lies. Edward wanted Nic to know everything? Let Edward tell him. The forest called to me, and I answered, loping toward the trees, leaving Edward, Nic, the world behind. â€Å"Find Jessie and Will,† my boss shouted. â€Å"They went searching for the sheriff far to the north, and they have been gone too long.† He had said I needed to prove I was still his instrument and not evil, but being told to fetch like a dog annoyed the hell out of me. Better annoyed than dead, I suppose. In a tiny corner of my mind, I remembered the talisman had been in the pocket of my sweats and not in my hand when I shifted faster than a speeding bullet. What did that mean? Was I losing control of my beast? If so, then why did I feel more in control, more powerful, more right than I had ever felt in my life? Werewolves might have a people brain, but it was still hard to concentrate on the mystery of the instantaneous change with the sensory overload of a new forest surrounding me. The desire to run was all-consuming. If I wanted, I could travel over a hundred miles in a day, chase a herd for five or six miles, and then accelerate. Werewolves don’t need superhuman abilities when just being a wolf makes them more than a man, or in my case, a woman. I headed north, trying to catch a familiar scent but having very little luck. The moon pulled at my soul; a howl pressed at the base of my throat. I lifted my nose just as a crow swooped low and cawed, startling me so much that I yelped instead. Several others sat in a nearby tree. At my glance, they rose, like great, black bats and followed the first. They were trying to show me something. A whiff of water reached me long before I stumbled across the creek. Splashing in, I dipped my muzzle to the bottom and let the chilly liquid ease the buzzing from my brain. I drank until the burning thirst faded, but it wouldn’t go away completely. Because the thirst wasn’t just for water. The full moon was coming, and unless I made more serum, I was going to crave blood. Edward and I needed to have a discussion. Where was my research? Had he retrieved it? And if not, why not? The crows circled above me. I tilted ray head. No, they circled above something else – over there. As I shook my coat, I could have sworn I caught the scent of werewolf. But when I tested the air, I smelled nothing but trees. Nevertheless, I could no more have gone back to the cabin then than I could have ridden a bicycle, so I followed the crows to a clearing surrounded by towering evergreens. In the center lay a body – the sheriff’s, from the appearance of the uniform. However, there was no werewolf but me, no wolf at all, no human left alive. The crows were gone, not a trace of them in the sky. Strange. Had they led me here to help or hurt me? Hard to say with crows. I should check on the sheriff. Though I smelled death, maybe I was wrong. Hey, maybe I wasn’t a werewolf. Maybe this was all a dream and I’d wake up at Stanford in Nic’s arms. A fantasy I’d tried on a hundred times before. I knew better. So I circled the body, hoping for a hint of movement and finding none. Creeping closer and closer, belly to the ground, I stretched my neck, longer and longer, until it cracked with the strain, then I sniffed his hand. And someone pumped a shotgun next to my head. How to cite Night Creature: Dark Moon Chapter Seventeen, Essay examples

Business Capstone Project Finance and Tax

Question: Describe about the Business Capstone Project for Finance and Tax. Answer: Introduction: This literature review is going to focus on four major areas of the relationship between finance and tax of company. It will also highlight the relationship between the profit, revenue and tax and try to spot the key drivers of tax. Four key phases have been identified by the literature review. The first phase is referred to the effectiveness of finance and tax in an organization. The second phase will relate Administrative effectiveness in tax avoidance in companies in Australia. The third will look to highlight the management of tax risk in an organization. The fourth phase will round up with the The standoff between the Government and Australias mining industry over Resources Super Profits Tax. This literature review converses these four areas by reviewing articles and journals from the same field. 1st Phrase: Effectiveness of Finance and Tax in an Organization First article: Multinational companies are allowed to decide under which separate accounting rules they are to be taxed in relation to the firms behavior and tax revenues. Using different accounting technique leads to profitable productivity. It has been witnessed that generally the low cost and high cost firms are in the habit of utilizing separate accounting whereas the medium costs preference has been the formula apportionment. Symmetrical countries produce greater tax revenues in places with lower tax rates whereas asymmetrical ones prefer do not requires greater tax revenues because of countries valuing tax base deformation in a different way (Gresik 2016). Second Article: According to Anton and Constantin (2013), accounting information takes into account the consumers requirement of information which enables them to build a strong relationship. This article analyzes the various methods to examine the relationship of accounting-taxation relationship controlling the collaboration between the service providers of accounting and their recipients. The research intends in taking the opinions of the accounting professionals concerning about the relationship between accounting and taxation, and the importance they have regarding the business activities. Third Article: Managements important aspect is the financial implications and taxation inference of profitable conclusion. Approval from researchers and ones studying management may not be there regarding the modification of accounts for the reason of accounting which might present a profitable outcome of the business. Accounting facilitates decision making and control along with recording of some accurate information. Taxations main role is to lift revenue and boost up economic and social policy. Preparing accounts in different ways is acceptable through proper accounting standards but the preference is generally subjective to the taxation implications in an inappropriate way (Alzeban and Gwilliam 2014). Fourth Article: Companys accounting profit replicate the application of accounting values for valuing the accurateness in the activities of the company, while the tax income echoes the interest of tax administration. If the accounting interest and the tax interest are not on the same page, it is essential to resolve between accounting, representative of company and taxation being the representative of state. The income tax is stated to be the major expense of the company (Vera 2015). Strengths: The above analysis states that financial accounting and taxation plays a major role in defining a companys success story. Companies do indulge themselves in choosing separate accounting standards that suits them and their calculation of tax. Weakness: Companies believed that tax is a burden or an expense which sometimes gets out of control if not properly taken account of and companies do find ways to deal with the tax burden. Hypothesis: H0: Companies should be allowed to choose different accounting methods and modification of the same. H1: Companies should not be allowed to choose different accounting methods and modifying it for the same. 2nd Phase: Administrative effectiveness in tax avoidance in companies in Australia 1st Article: The authors Davis et al. (2015) examine the relation between corporate social accountability and corporate tax expenses. Existing theories and experimental studies have found pretty much inconsistency in the relation between the two terms and the author is in the mood to find out whether the two actions are substitutes or complements of each other. The relation between corporate social responsibility and the amount of corporate taxes paid are guesstimated. Proves are there where corporate social responsibility is unconstructively related to five year cash successful tax rates and extremely related to tax lobbying expenditures. 2nd Article: The article focuses on whether it is possible to guess a firms actual tax liability and taxable income from the admission of income tax under the current Australia Accounting Standard AASB 112 Income taxes, which affects financial statements for reporting phase starting on or after 1st January, 2005. The problems related with estimating taxable income from current tax expenditure whose disclosure is mandatory under AASB 112 (Tran 2015). 3rd Article: In comparison to many facet of the social responsibility of commerce, CSR has remained silent on the subject of payment of corporate tax. Corporate tax payment may frequently be avoided on a legal basis, though laws and CSR suggest a company has the liability to pay tax. The ones not staying on that track should be considered socially irresponsible. This article of Dowling (2014) highlights the issue of tax avoidance and the measurement of CSR. 4th Article: Tax avoidance is done by companies to reduce or lessen the amount of taxes whereas tax evasion focuses on the activities which are prohibited under the tax legislation like hiding foreign income or claims of fraudulent deductions (McClure Lanis and Govendir 2016). Strength: The above analysis has found out that tax avoidance effect is positive for companies that are well governed. There is a certain framework which is used by the managers in hiding the tax value and it is in a systematic way. Weakness: Avoidance of tax has been recognized as a global problem. Companies do channelize their profits in other countries which charge them with less tax in order to gain competitive advantage over others in the industry. Hypothesis: Ho: Avoidance of tax is legal from a companys viewpoint and can be adjusted accordingly. H1: Avoidance of tax is not at all legal and companies should pay it accordingly. 3rd Phase: Management of tax risk in an organization 1st Article: The article focuses on the contact of the recognition and management of tax risk on the income tax fulfillment and practices by Australian companies with turnover exceeding AUD 250 million with the help of a mixed methodology design (Lavermicocca and McKerchar 2013). Some Australian companies do have this tax management system in place which results in diminishing the acceptance level of tax risk and development in the level of income tax conformity. 2nd Article: A recent study has found out that Australian multinational companies along with the domestic ones are in the habit of holding large amount of cash in their balance sheets. The paper determines whether holding on to the cash has any direct effect on tax risk. Tax authorities can ask for future cash tax payments for which companies may cling to the cash so as to satisfy these future demands (Richardson Taylor and Lanis 2013). It has been witnessed that firms with larger cash balances have a higher risk than the firms who do not. 3rd Article: One of the most important factors of overall risk management for enterprises is the tax risk management influencing the tax cost and economic awareness. The characteristics of tax risk management of bigger companies are facing difficult challenges but are being possessed with the advantage of being under unified management (Meng 2014) 4th Article: The panel of authors Wheeler et al. (2012) inspects the sources of internal tax risk and the prescribed and familiar development for identification, communication and evaluation and resolution of those risks. The article also takes into account the evaluation of formal enterprise tax management policy. A survey has concluded that the biggest tax risks faced by companies irrespective of their size are the overpayment of tax. However the government has long been protesting that they face the difficulty of underpayment of tax. Strengths: It is the responsibility of the management to manage tax through a proper governance framework which will ensure all taxes to be managed in accordance with the prevalent tax laws in time. It is necessary for organizations to have a proper tax function objectives. Weakness: Companies do find ways to save themselves from the burden of tax. It is the problem of the management to think tax payment as a burden. Hypothesis: H0: Companies should hold or show larger amount of cash in order to pay out future tax payments. H1: Companies should not hold or show larger amount of cash in order to pay out future tax payments. 4th Phrase: The standoff between the Government and Australias mining industry over Resources Super Profits Tax 1st Article: The article takes into account the enlistment of various small sized and medium sized companies in the Australias mining industrys movement against Resources Super Profits Tax (RSPT). The articles have insights of top 18 industry players. The Australian Government anticipated that the companies would lend support towards the RSPT as promised by them that they would contribute towards the development (Gilding Merlot and Leitch 2016). However the industry leaders have pleaded to get some extraordinary returns against the odds. 2nd Article: It has been discussed earlier too that some companies are in the habit of holding onto cash, but certain changes in the tax legislation including some income sources will combine such growth with increase in the split in income they hold. The article studies the comprehensive tax reform legislation in 1985 which changed the top Australian companies who do not break up taxable realized capital gains from other taxable income (Burkhauser Hahn Wilkins 2015). 3rd Article: In the year 2010, the Australian federal government lost out on its battle with the countrys mining industry over the implementation of new super profit tax. The authors Bell and Hindmoor (2014) put forward the question whether investment in business is necessary for expansion or whether business will disinvest if new tax law is implemented. The area of concern was whether the foreword of new tax jeopardizes the investment along with employment and growth. This thinking lead to the abandonment of the tax from the industry. 4th Article: In the Australian business-government duel the mobilization of the mining industry opposing the proposed Resources Super Profits Tax (RSPT) was a highlight. This article of Gilding et al. (2012) investigates the news and analyzes the stories as was available in the leading Australian journals. In the buildup of this story it has been found that the social justice arguments have been marginalized. Strengths: The Government wanted to implement resource rent tax on all the non-renewable resources which would have enabled the government to deal with the risk of two speed economy. The tax if applied only to law would have recognized large investments that are compulsory for resource projects. Weakness: The mining industry believed that the implementation of new tax would have severely affected the investment policy. It would have jeopardized the whole situation. Hypothesis: H0: The implementation of RSPT would have affected the investment policy in the mining industry. H1: The implementation of RSPT would not have affected the investment policy in the mining industry. Reference: 1st Phase: Alzeban, A. and Gwilliam, D., 2014. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation.Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation,23, pp.74-86. Anton, C. and Constantin, C., 2013. The AccountingTaxation Relationship In The Opinion Of The FinancialAccounting Services Providers.Journal of Applied Economic Sciences (JAES), (2 (24)), pp.133-140. Gresik, T.A., 2016. Allowing firms to choose between separate accounting and formula apportionment taxation.Journal of Public Economics,138, pp.32-42 Vera, S., 2015. Accounting, Taxation and Company Performance-Convergences and Contradictions.Valahian Journal of Economic Studies,6(3), p.27. 2nd phase: Davis, A.K., Guenther, D.A., Krull, L.K. and Williams, B.M., 2015. Do Socially Responsible Firms Pay More Taxes?.The Accounting Review,91(1), pp.47-68. Dowling, G.R., 2014. The curious case of corporate tax avoidance: Is it socially irresponsible?.Journal of Business Ethics,124(1), pp.173-184. McClure, R., Lanis, R. and Govendir, B., 2016. Analysis of Tax Avoidance Strategies of Top Foreign Multinationals Operating in Australia: An Expose. Tran, A., 2015, May. Can taxable income be estimated from financial reports of listed companies in Australia?. InAustralian Tax Forum(Vol. 30). 3rd Phase: Lavermicocca, C. and McKerchar, M., 2013. Impact of Managing Tax Risk on the Tax Compliance Behaviour of Large Australian Companies, The.Austl. Tax F.,28, p.707. Meng, J., 2014. CNOOC's Exploring Path for Tax Risk Management of Large Enterprises.International Taxation in China,6, p.019. Richardson, G., Taylor, G. and Lanis, R., 2013. The impact of board of director oversight characteristics on corporate tax aggressiveness: An empirical analysis.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,32(3), pp.68-88. Wheeler, R., Conway, K., Curry, W.L. and Frank, M., 2012. Strength from within: Critical Aspects of Internal Tax Risk Management.Taxes,90, p.23. 4th phase: Bell, S. and Hindmoor, A., 2014. The structural power of business and the power of ideas: The strange case of the Australian mining tax.New Political Economy,19(3), pp.470-486. Burkhauser, R.V., Hahn, M.H. Wilkins, R. J Econ Inequal (2015) 13: 181. doi:10.1007/s10888-014-9281-z Gilding, M., Merlot, E. and Leitch, S., 2016. The power of hope: the mobilisation of small and mid-tier companies in the mining industry's campaign against the Resources Super Profits Tax.Australian Journal of Political Science,51(1), pp.122-133. Gilding, M., Merlot, E., Leitch, S., Bunton, V. and Glezos, L., 2012. Media framing of the resources super profits tax.Australian Journal of Communication,39(3), p.23.

Crime Place and Pollution The Social Activists

Question: Describe about the Crime Place and Pollution for The Social Activists. Answer: Summarising Assessment 1 Lisa Millers article titled Black Activists Dont Ignore Crime was published in The New York Times[1] was a strong rebuke on the social activists who advocate the atrocities and brutalities committed by the police on the black population of America, without taking into account the factual position of the social structure under which such crimes are being committed by the black people. These social activists are also looking at one side of the coin and are not actually taking into consideration the purpose of these crimes and the reason why only black people are involved, (Eck Eck, 2012). A large number of social organisations have come into existence at the grass-root level but most of these have been founded by bereaved black women related to a victim of the hate-crime, as this is known in the social circles, political arenas and administrative beehives. One such movement, known as Mothers in Charge, though is relatively a small organisation, but it is gaining support in Los Angeles, St. Louis and many other cities. But the irony is that such activism dies out a natural death and is rarely seen under the national headlines. Even if it does grab a few headlines, like the Mothers Against Senseless Killings, a Chicago based anti-violence group, the coverage is usually short lived, (Eck Eck, 2012). The biggest reason why these groups are able to grab so little attention is because the communities which start the protest against violence, have been generally found to be lacking in economic and political resources which are so essential for engaging with the elite news media or for hiring state level lobbyists or at the national level. The access factor of these small groups is restricted to the level of the local mayors staff or the city council members, the district attorneys or other city officials, (Eck Eck, 2012). Analysing the Article In the summary provided above, the full impact of the article and its contents cannot be ascertained. It was also noted that the article in itself was not covering all the concerned aspects of the topic, which gives the impression that the article is about the grievances, problems and social hardships being faced by the black people in America. I do agree with this. The article does, in all its reflective references, concentrate only on the plight and deprivation of the black community. It should have given a better insight into the living conditions, the economic hardships and the social inequalities being faced by this community. Moreover, a more detailed outline and comparison should have been drawn between the black community and the white community. Also necessary was a comparison between the life style of the white community and the black communities, (Sparrow, 2000). I have come across an article titled Knowledge Transfer in Action: Crime Reduction through a Regulatory Approach written by James Royan[2] and John E. Eck[3]. As the name of the article suggests, the authors have tried to present a retrospective view of the authorities when dealing with criminal activities in a civilised society. I could easily related their views with my learnings from my course work on The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective. In this course work, I got the opportunity to learn about the impact which the environment, socialization and our surroundings are able to create on the criminality in our social structure, (Sparrow, 2000). On the same note, Royan and Eck have touched upon the four main perspectives which are prevailing in contemporary criminology: Legalistic Legally, crime is considered to be that human conduct which is in violation of the criminal laws of a state or federal government or of a provincial or local jurisdiction which has the power to make these laws. Political Politically, crime is considered in terms of the power structures which are existent in the society. In this context, all Criminal Laws of the land are not related to the popular notions of right and wrong which are inherent in the society. Sociological Sociology defines crime as an antisocial act which needs to be repressed in order to preserve the existing system of social harmony. Psychological Psychologists believe that crime is a behavioural problem, which raises the difficulties which are contrary to the broader and acceptable social arrangements of the society, (Grabosky, 2011). I have come across statistical lapses which are encountered while collecting data. It was noticed that only those crimes are included in the UCR (Uniform Crime Reporting Survey), which are reported to police. Sexual assault was the most unreported crime in UCR and was showing the inconsistency in the reporting methods of the police. The police only resorted to counting of the incidents of crime. Hence, these resulted in Dark Figure of Crime which considered of unreported and under-reported criminal activities in the society, (Grabosky, 2011). Conclusion It is not out of place to mention that there are Three Main Theoretical Positions connected with crime Social Structure Perspective Crime is considered to be the result of an individuals location within the social structure. Social Process Perspective Crime results from the inappropriate socialization and learning process of the individual. Social Conflict Perspective Crime happens because of the individuals struggle within the group and class to which it belongs. This leads us to believe that crime has three main categories: Violent Crimes Property Crimes Crimes which are against public order In conclusion, it will not be inappropriate to say that crime cannot be discussed singularly, but has to be considered in the whole perspective of the social fibre of the society. We must take into consideration all the six elements discussed in the conclusion while taking any decision with regard to a specific section of the society. List of References: Eck, J. E., Eck, E. B. (2012). Crime place and pollution: Expanding crime reduction options through a regulatory approach. Criminology and Public Policy 11(2): 281-316. Grabosky, P. (2011). On the interface of criminal justice and regulation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Sparrow, M. (2000). The regulatory craft: Controlling risks, solving problems, and managing compliance. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Sexual assaults against children; with adult and juvenile offenders

Introduction Child sexual assault/abuse (CSA) falls under the larger context of child abuse. An act qualifies to be child sexual abuse when for purposes of stimulation an adult or older juvenile engages in an activity that can be deemed sexual. Within the above-defined context, child sexual abuse is takes numerous forms. It includes exposure of children to pornographic material or using juveniles in the production of materials with adult content. It may also include physical contact and exposure of juveniles’ genitals.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sexual assaults against children; with adult and juvenile offenders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, it may include coercion or pressuring a juvenile into engaging in sexual acts, mild o otherwise with or without her/his consent. Additionally, CSA includes selling if children sexual services and pressuring a child to engage in sexual act ivity with or without her/his consent and regardless of the outcome. According to Tracy (2008, p. 56) child sexual abuse is especially complicated because of the psychological impacts it has on the victims. The effects of child sexual abuse include but not limited to, low self-esteem, nightmares, insomnia, and fear of the things that are associated with or that remind the child of the abuse, sexual dysfunction, fatalities, pain, anxiety and depression. Others include posttraumatic stress order, mental illnesses that include a wide range of personality disorders and suicidal thoughts. In some cases, sexually abused children grow up to become abusers themselves. One of the most consistent characteristics of child sex abuse in many researches is the fact that the abusers are close people who are normally trusted by the child. Strangers do account for a significant portion of the abusers but over 80% of the molesters are family members and friends including baby sitters, family friends, and neighbors (Hunter, J.A et al., 2003, p. 276). The problem is widely prevalent and it’s believed statistics have not yet effectively captured the true picture. Many cases still go unreported owing to the shame and guilt that is associated with it. Estimates show that close to 15% of men and 25% of women in the United States did experience sexual molestation when they were children. Causes of child abuse are as complex as the problem itself. It’s important to note that most offenders act on their own. However, the extent to which operations of the criminal justice system and the failure of the social justice system cannot be overlooked when examining the causes of the problem.Advertising Looking for research paper on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The widely prevalent vice of sexual assault against children has reached alarming rates. It has therefore necessitated the need to come up with a new approach using sociology, law, psychology, and ethics to find a lasting solution that will help eradicate the vice besides the existing legal mechanisms. An already existsing mechanism that draws information from the mentioned disciplines is doing a good job. However, there is no doubt that there needs to be an overhaul to the established strategies of combating child sexual abuse. In the US, the criminal justice system is closely linked to the social justice system through the constitution. Child sexual offenders are accorded rights through established mechanisms that are expected to help their reintegration to the community. This approach has however fallen short of reducing child sexual abuse by the levels envisioned. That is why it’s important to consider drastic measures that ill curtail child sexual offender rights and basic liberties. The main point behind this move is to rid society of the pedophiles and deter would be offenders. The harsh sentences and measures will deny CSA offenders the basic rights that prisoners are accorded and will ensure CSA offenders express genuine remorse and desire to change and get reintegrated to the community. Most of the measures entail both community and legal systems that incorporate elements of the legal systems and healthcare that CSA offender will be accorded. It will leave them little maneuver to use the existing legal loopholes to secure freedom. The measures are the resolutions that will discussed in greater detail in the last section of this paper. Owing to the fact that the mechanisms that have been put in place seem to be overwhelmed, it’s important to consider establishing a parallel system that addresses all issues in the social and criminal justice systems that help in the reduction of the instances of the vice. The legal justice system supersedes the other systems and in a way it determines how they operate. It’s therefore imperative that the legal system incorporates sociology, law, psychology, ethics measures that will address the issue. The epitome of this paper will be a proposal of a comprehensive solution to the problem of child sexual abuse incorporating all the elements mentioned above.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sexual assaults against children; with adult and juvenile offenders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Definition of terms Throughout the paper, CSA will be used to refer to child sexual abuse. Additionally, the terms sexual abuse and sexual battering will be used repeatedly and will stand to have the same meaning in this context. Incidence and demographic characteristics According to a Department of Health and Human Services report to congress in 2006, the prevalence of child sexual abuse has experiences a significant drop compared to where it was ten years earlier. The report titled National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect concluded that report ed CSA crimes had shown a decline of 38%. In 1993, the CSA cases stood slightly over 217000. The number had dropped to slightly over 135000 in 2006, according to community professionals and other stakeholders. The report however cites lack of reporting from victims and close members of the family as still highly rampant. Close to 70% of the cases are unreported especially when the abuse is going on. Despite the apparent drop in the cases of CSA, it’s important to bear in mind that the number of unreported cases are higher than the reported cases. Therefore the picture painted by the report can easily be changed if all factors were taken into account (Hunter et al., 2003, p. 276). The frequency with children are sexually abused is not clearly known because the vice i often hidden. A report by (Hanson, R.F., et al., 1999, p. 67) says that one in three girls and one in seven boys are likely to be abused in their childhood. The prevalence of the voice is also captured by the orga nization Stop It Now where in a telephone poll found out that 29% of women and 14% of me who were surveyed reported to have been sexually abused as a children. In 2006, 78,000 cases of CSA were reported to authorities and substantiated. This however represents 12%-30% of the cases that are reported. The majority of the cases are not reported. This therefore translates to between 260,000-650,000 cases of CSA in any given year. An important point to note and that is indicative of social trends as far as CSA is concerned is the fact that CSA found to be common in all racial backgrounds, religions, ages and ethnic groups and social economic levels.Advertising Looking for research paper on administrative law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many reports point to the fact that the victims of CSA know their attackers. In fact 93% of victims personally know the person(s) that commit the abuse, according to Douglas Finkelhor (2005, p. 14) 47% of the abusers are family of extend family members while 85% of the time the children are bused close member of the family or friends in general. Offenders once caught and punished or rehabilitated, show signs of reduced likelihood of committing the offense again. CSA offenders who have been held accountable for their crimes show a high rate of recidivism. The rates for recidivism range between 15-20% without treatment while it falls to as low as 12% in cases where the perpetrators are held accountable and accorded treatment (Hanson et al, 2002, p. 28). It’s important to note that treatment is quite effective in rehabilitating the offenders hence it will form one of the solution incorporated to the expanded mechanism later on in this paper. Another interesting statistical tren d about CSA is commission of CSA by other children or juvenile offenders. Whereas adults commit the bulk of the offences of child sexual abuse, some reports have identified a consistent pattern where up to 50% of CSA offenders are under the age of eighteen years (Hunter et al, 2003, p.13). When these young adults commit these crimes, it automatically makes them juvenile offenders, which also are captured in the title of this paper. Failure to accord effective rehabilitation and treatment to juvenile offenders may result in the juveniles themselves becoming abusers in adulthood. For instance, according to Hunter Becker (1998, p. 20), 20-50% of teenagers who have committed CSA were in their childhood sexually abused. It’s therefore safe to conclude that a majority of juvenile offenders have in some way been victims of CSA. That is why acknowledgement and accordance of effective treatment to these children is necessary to prevent reoccurrence in future. Many adults especially t hose that are parents are not well informed to detect when children have been sexually abused. That is 88% of all CSA cases are never reported to the authorities (Hanson et al, 1999, p.259). There is need therefore of rolling out program that will target parents and other adults to educate them in ways of detecting CSA in their children. Causes and patterns of sexual assaults against children Not many studies have come up with the actual causes of CSA. Rather, the causes of CSA are observed through the wider context of causes of sexual abuse that happen to both adults and children (Sedlak, et al. 2010, p. 304). The thinking behind this is that all sexual offenders are driven by common factors to committing the offense to children or adults. There may be cases where pedophiles have emotional drives that make children easy prey but they as well are found in the general cases of sexual abuse. Its important to note that this section does have clear links between social and criminal just ice systems and their failures that lead to breeding of CSA offenders. These causes vary greatly and range between nature vs. nurture factors that involve biological factors e.g. physiology, drug abuse and psychopathology and environmental factors that include gender roles, motives behind pursuit of power, social learning and social dynamics involving relationships. One of the causes of sexual abuse is physiology and neurophysiology of human beings. In the bodies of CSA offenders are hormones and other chemicals that are imbalanced hence give the offender uncontrollable desires to molest children (Berkowitz, 1992, p. 176). For instance there is a relationship between testerone levels and aggression which may include sexual abuse. Similarly, head trauma and abnormalities in the human brain may also lead to an effect in hormones and sexual violence. Another factor is alcoholism and substance abuse. There is enough evidence that alcohol and other intoxicating substances lead to physica l aggression (Berkowitz, 1992, p. 178). In the cases of children, CSA offenders may attempt to drug children before actual abuse takes place. A good example is the case involving the late pop star Michael Jackson where prosecutors alleged that he drugged children with wine before sexual abuse took place. Psychopathology and personality traits also account for good number of CSA cases (Briere Eliot, 2003, p. 254). Men and women who have been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorders display psychiatric and disorders that breed coercive behavior, irresponsibility and lack of concrescence. More often than not, many CSA offenders have attitudes and gender biases that for some reason they believe are true. These offenders have myths about rape and children abuse and use the vice as a strategy in resolving problems. For instance there have been reports of men sexually abusing children in some societies with the belief that they will be healed of HIV/ Aids and other ailments. Sex an d power motives also do cause people to commit CSA (Berkowitz, 1992, p. 180). More often than not, men or women who commit CSA have power and anger motives. Many a times these men are reported to have felt rejection from the opposite sex hence the drive to relieve their anger on weaker opponents who most likely are children. In other bodies of knowledge, there seems to be consensus that socio-cultural factors contribute to sexual abuse against children (Douglas Finkelhor, 2005, p. 45). The theories suggest that the societies in which these offenders live in subtly encourage sexual immorality through history and the media that give impetus to offenders. Fro instance numerous communities in the world are known to accept marriage of girls as young as twelve years. The practice more often than not is institutionalized and accepted as normal and men and women who engage it see nothing wrong since they are paying within the accepted standards. Another element of the culture that promotes sexual abuse is the family (Berkowitz, 1992, p. 185). It’s thought that children who grow up in violent families are likely to engage in intimate sexual violence when they are adults. Besides, they may engage in CSA if help is not sough early on. Proposed solutions through the application of information from sociology, law, psychology, ethics It’s important that any solution that is sought to the vice reflects the realities that characterize the social and criminal justice systems that exist in human societies today. The solutions that will be suggested below will be done on the backdrop of the analysis of the social and criminal justice theories and the laws that govern us as enshrined in the US constitution. As earlier said the problem of CSA has reached proportions that had not been anticipated. It’s important that law enforcement agencies are given credit for their efforts in combating crime and social ills such as CSA. However, no one can deny that problem s such as CSA have persisted at a time when law enforcement budgets are stretching both the federal and state governments. Nevertheless, to lay the blame solely on the failure of the criminal justice system will myopic and will not lead to anywhere in the search for a solution. The blame therefore should be share with society as well. There sufficient evidence that social justice is in short supply and people who make up society have been caught up a web of inconsistencies by both systems that crime and other social ills have become a scapegoat (Robinson, 2009, p. 68). Scholars have criticized justice agencies as far as criminology, criminal justice and other related disciplines are concerned. There has been concern that these systems are not meeting their goals especially in achieving justice. Social justice deals with the efforts that have been out in place to ensure equal access to opportunity and good life as defined by the written and unwritten rules of the community. The main function of the criminal justice system is to optimally meet its goals of dispensing justice so that social justice can be achieved. That said, it’s important to note that there are people like CSA offenders who don’t deserve the benefits that are pursued by the systems described above (Robinson, 2009, p. 70). The United States constitution offers every citizen basic freedoms that allow him/her to freely live in the country and do what he/she needs to do to achieve the American dream. Rawls explains social justice through his theory of Justice as equality while Miller put the same contest through the theory of convention and social equality and justice. The US constitution in pursuit of universal liberty and freedom creates the conditions necessary for the realization of the above principles. Rawls says that the systems operate on constitutional essentials and helps establish background institutions that help people in their pursuit of social and economic justice throu gh freedom and equality that is guaranteed by the constitution. In the pursuit of success social ills CSA have come up that have necessitated society, criminal justice custodians and they custodians of the constitution to take a hard look at the situation. The solution for CSA is for the society and authorities to mandate drastic actions that dwell on the inconsistencies that exist in the criminal justice systems and social justice systems and curtail basic liberties of all CSA offenders (Robinson, 2009, p. 75). Curtailment of liberties and other rights under the constitution will take place on the existing guidelines but only on a larger extent than before. The curtailment of freedoms will be done through the ways discuses in the following section. These ways take into account and recommend inclusion of constitutional inconsistencies in addressing CSA. The inconsistencies include enforcement of biased laws by the police and the courts and the correctional agencies, unequal access t o defense by the suspected offenders as well as unequal application of sanctions and punishments by the correction agencies. There also should be elimination of plea-bargaining for suspected CSA offenders and determinate and mandatory sentencing by the courts of the people suspected to have committed CSA. Within the severely restricted environment where the offenders will be operating, mandatory medical and mental treatment will b accorded to the offenders as well as experimental community reintegration and supervision. Correctional facilities should also be enabled to limit access to satisfy needs by CSA offenders in their custody. The second part of the solution will entail increasing the efficiency of the monitoring and reporting systems that are in place. The fact that over 80% of cases go unreported means that many of the offenders are still walking free in the community. Therefore enhancing the criminal justice systems to easily facilitate reporting and speedy arrest will comp lement the curtailing of freedom that in the combat of CSA. The measures will discourage offender from committing the offenses again awhile at the same time acting as a deterrent for the would be offenders. Because the legal justice system supersedes all other systems, it should be designed in a way that ensures the above is implemented through the following categories of solutions (Hanson, et al. 1999, p. 56). Legal/ Justice Solutions They are referred to as tertiary measures which normally apply after the actual crime has taken place (Hanson et al. 2002, p. 208). Proponents of orthodox approaches don’t advocate for this approach because they reason the damage has already been done by the time a person is taken to court. That is why the approach of drastic curtailing of freedom and basic liberties for the CSA offenders comes in handy. Moreover the public and policy attention that these strategies will command will go a long way in deterring would be offenders from committing the offence. Looked at from a different perspective the drastic measures suggested above will ensure primary prevention of the vice through theoretically the deterrent factor will be implemented through fear of sure and serious punishment by the justice system. The above likely effect coupled with the statistics that show CSA offenders not likely to commit the offense again will effectively curb child sexual abuse. One of the factors informing the above drastic justice measures is the fact that many child sexual molesters are likely to be educated people rather than criminal who specialize in the offence. The fear of losing a good life that is defined by education and status is likely to deter these â€Å"undercover† molesters. Lifetime incarceration for CSA offenders is unlikely to work in that face of the reduced freedoms accorded to criminals and suspected criminals. The drastic criminal justice policy that suggested above will accept albeit sparingly the reintroduction o f offenders into the society still with reduced liberties and increased monitoring through registration systems that will keep track of their activities. In essence the drastic plan proposes â€Å"caged freedom† from the released offender. They include offender registration, mandatory registration, residency restriction and civil commitment and sentence lengthening. Offender registration Currently all states have offender registries that are electronic. The systems allow for raid apprehension of the offenders incase recommitment of the crime any crime related to CSA (John, 2005, p. 87). Some advocates have argued that requirement that the offenders wear electronic surveillance chops affects their reintegration to society and violated the rights of the offenders who have already served their terms. After the implementation of the registration in late 1990’s studies that followed suggested little drop in the sex related crimes. This was moistly attributed to non-complian ce on the part of the offenders. In some states the rate of sex crimes especially on children remained the same while in one state-California it went up that is why the drastic plan suggested above will be seeking to legalize the implantation of electronic surveillance chips into the bodies of offenders up to the time when the authorities feel one is in a apposition not to commit the offence again Community notification This provision acts on the basis of the Megan law of 1996 that informs of neighbors and other interested parties of the whereabouts of a released offender. Community notification while it aims to protect neighbors and people around offenders, will be seeking to isolate the offenders till they decide to seek reintegration through expression of remorse. In the suggested solution some requirements for the offender to end his/isolation will include volunteering to educate his/her community on CSA and the implications it carries for the victims. The drastic plan will dema nd that the offender shows some initiative towards reintegration upon release in any form of deviant behavior will result into incarceration without the basic rights as outlined earlier on. Mandatory background checks Mandatory background checks have almost become the norm in organizations when applying for work or volunteer positioning organizations. Many employers have relied on public registries for information on potential employee’s criminal records. The main reason for these checks will be to bar dangerous people with a record of molesting children from serving in positions where they can easily commit the offence again. The measures outlined earlier will go further and suggest that guidelines be introduced that will limit the types of jobs that a released offender should be allowed to apply for. They guidelines should be specific that the offenders should never be employed in situations where they come to private contact with juveniles either directly or indirectly. Re sidency Restriction Residency restrictions exist in many states and localities. The statutes that have introduced the laws are specific where released CAA offenders can visit. The main aim to prevent them from getting closer to areas frequented by children. These areas include daycare centres, churches, and schools. The law is already drastic as it is. It has been reported by sex offender management authorities that released sex offenders have difficulty securing descent residences owing to the fact that they are classified as CSA’s. However, the measures outlined earlier should include among other restrictions the possibility of offenders loosing some of their rights as citizens of the state if they are convicted and if they don’t show any progress towards reintegration and reformation. The threat to deny them basic state rights will be a big deterrent to the would be offenders and the released one who are likely to engage in the ice again. Sentence Lengthening and Ci vil Commitment This involves meting out of long prison sentences to sex offenders. Though many states have increased the length of prison terms for sex offenders there is need within the proposed solution of drastic measures to include a life sentence for offenders who show no remorse or who may be determined through assessment to be danger to the community. Already some states still hold offenders they deem dangerous even after the completion of their term in prison. Possibility of life in prison without parole for sex offenders will rid the community of the dangerous elements and CSA crimes will considerably reduce. Enhanced reporting, detection and arrest It’s important that law enforcement put in place mechanisms that will nab free CSA offenders. The programs will entail elaborate measures that will be available to vulnerable groups and interested parties like parents that will enable them report crimes relating to CSA. Psychological solutions Mental health treatment Many CSA offenders have been found to mentally unstable. Psychological solutions including therapeutic treatment will be recommended. However, even then, they will still some basic freedom that they may be enjoying currently. This is to deter people who may be of sound mind from committing CSA offenses and feigning mental instability afterwards. Mental treatment will be provided but within the confines of the drastic solution measurers as may be applicable. Sociological solutions Community Prevention of Offending Community prevention offending will be taking place within the proposed framework where there will be reduced liberties for CSA offenders in both the criminal justice and social justice systems. There is the possibility of that the free CSA offenders may not one caught due to one reason or the other. There is therefore need to launch programs that will utilize the proposed measures to encourage offenders who need help to come forth. The programs will promise help to the offende rs who freely confess and exemption to some extent from the drastic measures that caught CSA offenders will go through. The CPO programs will work with law enforcement and community organizations and may involve establishment of confidential lines where the offenders will call and can be counseled anonymously. Efforts will be, made to detect the addresses of the offenders though no arrests will be made. They offenders will be urged to surrender in return for the above promised treatment from authorities. Within the drastic measures, policy makers should consider introducing mandatory education to parents and other stakeholders on ways of identifying sexual offenders and ways thorough which on can tell that a child has been sexually abuse. Currently, taking the courses is not mandatory, but voluntary for those that want to do so. Moreover, it’s not paid for by the state. Requirements will also from local authorities to run adverts to that effect. Ethical solutions In many prof essions there is normally a code of conduct that governs the behavior expected of each member. Client privacy is highly regarded in the professions especially in the medical field. While its requirement by the law that every citizen report crimes he/she witnesses. Very often these professionals do come in contact with lawbreakers including CSA offenders who confess of their crimes. While they are required by law to report the crimes, they are also bound by the code of ethics that may equate such exposure to breach of doctor patient confidentiality. The dilemma that the professionals find themselves in does little to help in combating CSA offenses. It’s important to note that professionals in this fields are in custody of critical information that can lead to the arrest and incarceration of CSA offenders. Reconciliation of standard and legal requirements to aid reporting One of the ways to address the above problem is through a reconciliation of the standard practice and legal requirements to allow professionals who would want to report such crimes to do so. In fact when the drastic measures are solution is considered, the professionals will be required to report any such occurrence so that the course of justice can take place. It can be argued that ethics will entail being true to what the society believes in right. Therefore reporting of crimes including CSA will be an obligation of any professional who comes across any in the course of practice. The laws will be seeking to propose penalties for professionals who may not adhere to the requirements. Conclusion The solution and the components under it were developed with the sole aim of enhancing community and victim safety. After going through the drastic measures that have been outlined above, one may be tempted to ask if they will work. Well there still is need to conduct further research on the issues before actual implementation takes place. However, hypothetically, the measures are bound to produce significant results on deterrence and prevention if CSA offenses. One of the assumptions that the solution assumes is the availability of resources that will be committed to implementing the drastic measures. The measures are also aimed at preventing reoffending hence the proposed strict incarceration and denial of basic rights measures. Finally the solutions will succeed if there is sufficient information regarding CSA crimes e.g. facts on incidence, prevalence and victim information. Additionally there should be information on sex offenders and the behaviors that are associated with them. Furthermore, the solution will succeed if there is education on the prevention and risk reduction measures among the population. The authorities should also while implementing the solution ensures there is enough information on the availability of resources for victims’ families and communities affected by the vice. Finally there should be social campaigns that promote responsible behavio r to promote respectful interaction between people and to minimize the chances of CSA happening. There is no perfect solution to the problem of CSA offenses. However, there is always room for the improvement of the existing laws to accommodate the new trends that the criminal activities like CSA are taking. The solution proposed here seeks to deny offenders and would offenders that every free person values. The assumption is that offenders who have been convicted and released after going through proposed system will lack the will to commit the crime again. Additionally, the proposed solution envisions a situation where would be offenders are deterred from committing any CSA crime given on the face of increased penalties. The solution is drastic in such a way that it seeks the enactment of statutes that will make the implementation of the measures mandatory by the federal and state agencies. References Berkowitz, A. (1992). College Men as Perpetrators of Acquaintance Rape and Sexual Assault:A Review of Recent Research. Journal of American College Health, Vol. 40, 175-181. Briere, J. Eliot, D.M. (2003). Prevalence and Psychological Sequence of Self- Reported Childhood Physical and Sexual Abuse in General Population: Child Abuse and Neglect. Douglas,   E. Finkelhor,D. (2005). 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Fourth National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS–4): Report to Congress. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families. Tracy, V. (2008). The Pursuit of Safety: Sex Offender Policy in the United States. New York: Vera Institute of Justice. This research paper on Sexual assaults against children; with adult and juvenile offenders was written and submitted by user Jason Wilkins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.